A Form That Features a Melody That Is Repeated Again and Again but in Different Ways

MUSIC OUTLINE

� An of import office of the activities of humankind since the beginning of recorded history.

� Today music plays a vital and important part in the lives of human beings.

� It is constitute everywhere in our world.

� Ane more than stimulus in the vast ocean of stimuli gathered by our senses daily.

Humans use music for many purposes:

� Personal entertainment

� Contemplative activities.

� Relaxation.

� Stimulation.

Music has the power to influence psychological aspects of behavior both consciously and unconsciously

 - Transmission and Reception of Audio

Three requirements for sound to "occur" in an environs:

� A vibrating source to initiate audio

� A medium to transmit sound vibrations throughout the surround - such equally air or water.

� A receiver to hear or record audio vibrations.

Many varieties of vibrating sources in the World:

� Vocal cords

� A membrane of animal hibernate or synthetic fabric

� A stretched string that is plucked or bowed

� Objects such as wood, rock, dirt, metal and glass that are struck

� Rattling of beads in a small enclosure,

� Clapping of hands, singing of birds, grunts and groans of animals

� Buzzing of lips in a pocket-size resonating tube

� Splitting of an air stream

� Small pieces of reed fastened to a tube and fix in movement by the activeness of human being breath

� Many, many other natural vibrating sources.

� Sound may also be produced artificially by electronic synthesis

Music Elements

• Annotation

• Melody

• Rhythm

• Harmony

• Texture

• Form

• Dynamics

• Timbre

Notation

� Written on paper, so that the music may be performed once more and again.

� Music annotation system

� Enjoyment and understanding of most music is not dependent upon the ability to read and translate written music notation.

Melody - (Line, Infinite)

Melody� A succession of unmarried tones or pitches that are perceived to be unified.

Characteristics of Melody:

� Pitch� The highness or lowness of a tone, depending on the frequency (rate of vibration)

� Interval� The distance and relationship between two pitches.

� Range� The altitude between the lowest and highest tones of a tune, an instrument, or a vocalism.  (narrow,     medium or broad)

� Shape� The direction a melody takes as it turns upward or down, or remains static.

� Phrase� As in linguistic communication, a unit of measurement of pregnant within a larger construction; thus, a melody may be divided into component phrases.

� Cadence� A resting place in a musical phrase-musical punctuation.

� Countermelody� An accompanying melody playing against the chief melody.

RHYTHM - (Rhythm, Pattern, Repetition, Fourth dimension)

Rhythm� The element of time in music.

Characteristics of Rhythm:

� Beat� Regular pulsation; a basic unit of length in musical time.

� Accent� Emphasis on a note, so that it is louder or longer than some other.

� Tempo� The rate of speed or step of the musical pulse. (grave, largo, adagio, andante, allegro, vivace)

� Measure out� A rhythmic group or unit of measurement that contains a fixed number of beats, divided on the musical staff by bar lines.

� Meter� The grouping of beats into larger, regular patterns, notated as measures.

� Upbeat� The final shell of a measure, a weak beat, which anticipates the downbeat, the outset beat of the next mensurate.

� Downbeat� The first trounce of a measure out, the strongest in any meter.

� Syncopation� Deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak crush, or an offbeat.

• Polyrhythmic - The simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns or meters.

� Nonmetric� Music lacking a strong sense of beat out or meter.

HARMONY - (Balance)

Harmony � The simultaneous combination of notes and the ensuing relationships of intervals and chords.

	Case: Mozart, Piano Concerto in C major, 1000. 467, second movement
	Real Audio: 28K | 56K | About this anthology

Characteristics of Harmony:

� Chord � Simultaneous combination of tones (typically 3 or more than) that plant a single block of harmony.

� Scale � A series of tones or pitches in ascending or descending order.

� Tonality � The chief of organizing a work around a key tonic, or dwelling pitch, based on a major or minor scale.

• Tonic
• Diatonic
• Chromatic
• Consonance
• Dissonance
• Drone

TEXTURE - (Texture)

Texture �The interweaving of melodic (horizontal) and harmonic elements in the musical fabric.

More often than not described as:

� Monophonic i voice/function presents a single melody.

� Heterophonic : Two or more voices/parts elaborate on the aforementioned tune simultaneously.

� Homophonic : principle melody and accompanying harmony.

	Example: Mozart, Piano Concerto in C major, K. 467, second move
	Real Audio: 28K | 56K | About this album

� Polyphonic : two or more melodies combine into a multi-voiced texture.

FORM - (Shape, Class)

Form� The structure or shape of a musical work, based on repetition, dissimilarity, and variation; the organizing principle of music.

Characteristics of Form:

� Repetition� Within a form, repetition fixes the material in our listen and satisfies our need for the familiar; it provides unity to a class. (Pattern)

� Contrast� Within a grade, contrast sustains our involvement and feeds our love of change. (Variety)

� Variation� A principle in which some aspects of the music are contradistinct but still recognizable.

Repetition , variation, and contrast are the foundational procedures on which music limerick rests.

� Theme� A melodic idea used as a basic building block in the construction of a composition.  At that place are a variety of ways to create thematic development (motive, sequence, ostinato).

• Motive�A pocket-size, thematic fragment that constitutes a melodic-rhythmic unit.

• Sequence� A restatement of an idea at a higher or lower pitch level.

• Ostinato� A short musical design � melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic- that is repeated persistently throughout a work or major section of a composition.
  

In this example, a short (4-note) descending pattern in the bass is heard throughout under the voices.


 

DYNAMICS - (Emphasis, Subordination, Value)

Dynamics� Designations for the relative loudness or quietness of music.

� Pianissimo, Piano, Mezzo-piano, Forte, Fortissimo

� Crescendo� The dynamic upshot of gradually growing louder

� Decrescendo� The dynamic effect of gradually growing softer.

� Sforzando � A sudden stress or accent on a single note or chord.

TIMBRE - (Colour)

Timbre� The quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from some other. As well called "tone color."

Characteristics of Timbre:

� Voices� The standard voice types are: (female) soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto; (male person) tenor, baritone, and bass.

� String family� Two types of instruments: bowed and plucked. (Violin, viola, cello, bass, harp and guitar)

� Woodwind family� Instruments where breath is used to produce audio across a reed or hole. (Flute, piccolo, clarinet, bassoon, oboe, bass clarinet and saxophone).

	Example: Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, quaternary movement, "Turkish March"
	Existent Audio: 28K | 56K | About this album

� Contumely family� Trumpet, French horn, trombone and tuba.

	Example: Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, "Groovy Gate of Kiev"
	Real Sound: 28K | 56K | About this album

� Percussion family unit� Instruments that are played by striking their surface. (Drums, xylophone, chimes, triangle, etc�)

� Keyboards� Instruments that are played by pressing keys that cause a hammer to strike a taught string. (Piano, harpsichord, and synthesizers).

� Ensembles� Musical performing groups (instrumental, vocal and mixed)

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Source: https://www.uwgb.edu/malloyk/music_outline.htm

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